
\begin{table}
\caption{Predicting nostalgia for various measurements with standardized dependent variables (mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1). Linear mixed-effects models with random intercepts for countries, parties, and elections. Standard errors in parentheses. 
       M1: Base dictionary; M2: Base dictionary + embeddings dictionary; M3: Base dictionary + positive sentiment; M4: Base dictionary + embeddings dictionary + positive sentiment; M5: Bag-of-words classifier (SVM); M6: Transformer-based classifier (DistilBERT).}
\begin{center}
\begin{footnotesize}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c}
\hline
 & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Dictionary-Based Methods (M1--M4)} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Machine Learning (M5--M6)} \\
\cline{2-5} \cline{6-7}
 & M1 & M2 & M3 & M4 & M5 & \textbf{M6} \\
\hline
(Intercept)               & $0.49^{***}$  & $0.39^{**}$      & $0.38^{**}$      & $0.16$        & $0.77^{***}$  & $0.91^{***}$  \\
                          & $(0.14)$      & $(0.14)$         & $(0.14)$         & $(0.14)$      & $(0.17)$      & $(0.17)$      \\
Christ. Dem. (ref.: Nat.) & $-0.41^{**}$  & $-0.47^{***}$    & $-0.29^{*}$      & $-0.18$       & $-0.41^{**}$  & $-0.58^{***}$ \\
                          & $(0.13)$      & $(0.13)$         & $(0.14)$         & $(0.13)$      & $(0.16)$      & $(0.16)$      \\
Conservative              & $-0.27^{*}$   & $-0.44^{***}$    & $-0.10$          & $-0.07$       & $-0.57^{***}$ & $-0.62^{***}$ \\
                          & $(0.13)$      & $(0.13)$         & $(0.15)$         & $(0.14)$      & $(0.16)$      & $(0.16)$      \\
Ecological                & $-0.57^{***}$ & $-0.48^{***}$    & $-0.58^{***}$    & $-0.37^{*}$   & $-0.81^{***}$ & $-0.94^{***}$ \\
                          & $(0.14)$      & $(0.14)$         & $(0.16)$         & $(0.15)$      & $(0.18)$      & $(0.18)$      \\
Liberal                   & $-0.57^{***}$ & $-0.65^{***}$    & $-0.45^{***}$    & $-0.37^{**}$  & $-0.78^{***}$ & $-0.89^{***}$ \\
                          & $(0.12)$      & $(0.12)$         & $(0.13)$         & $(0.12)$      & $(0.15)$      & $(0.15)$      \\
Other                     & $-0.52^{***}$ & $-0.52^{***}$    & $-0.41^{**}$     & $-0.29^{*}$   & $-0.62^{***}$ & $-0.77^{***}$ \\
                          & $(0.12)$      & $(0.12)$         & $(0.14)$         & $(0.13)$      & $(0.15)$      & $(0.15)$      \\
Social Dem.               & $-0.46^{***}$ & $-0.57^{***}$    & $-0.29^{*}$      & $-0.25^{*}$   & $-0.66^{***}$ & $-0.72^{***}$ \\
                          & $(0.12)$      & $(0.12)$         & $(0.14)$         & $(0.13)$      & $(0.15)$      & $(0.15)$      \\
Socialist                 & $-0.73^{***}$ & $-0.78^{***}$    & $-0.66^{***}$    & $-0.61^{***}$ & $-0.79^{***}$ & $-0.94^{***}$ \\
                          & $(0.12)$      & $(0.12)$         & $(0.14)$         & $(0.13)$      & $(0.15)$      & $(0.15)$      \\
Government                & $0.12^{*}$    & $0.08^{\dagger}$ & $0.10^{\dagger}$ & $0.11^{*}$    & $0.08$        & $0.05$        \\
                          & $(0.05)$      & $(0.05)$         & $(0.05)$         & $(0.05)$      & $(0.05)$      & $(0.05)$      \\
Vote Share                & $-0.00$       & $0.00$           & $-0.00$          & $0.00$        & $-0.00$       & $-0.00$       \\
                          & $(0.00)$      & $(0.00)$         & $(0.00)$         & $(0.00)$      & $(0.00)$      & $(0.00)$      \\
Unemployment (t-1)        & $0.00$        & $0.02^{**}$      & $0.01$           & $0.02^{**}$   & $0.01$        & $0.00$        \\
                          & $(0.01)$      & $(0.01)$         & $(0.01)$         & $(0.01)$      & $(0.01)$      & $(0.01)$      \\
\hline
AIC                       & $4161.75$     & $4055.68$        & $4275.04$        & $4189.37$     & $4128.15$     & $4066.74$     \\
BIC                       & $4242.31$     & $4136.24$        & $4355.59$        & $4269.93$     & $4208.71$     & $4147.29$     \\
Log Likelihood            & $-2065.88$    & $-2012.84$       & $-2122.52$       & $-2079.69$    & $-2049.08$    & $-2018.37$    \\
N                         & $1588$        & $1588$           & $1588$           & $1588$        & $1588$        & $1588$        \\
N Groups: Parties         & $365$         & $365$            & $365$            & $365$         & $365$         & $365$         \\
N Groups: Elections       & $260$         & $260$            & $260$            & $260$         & $260$         & $260$         \\
N Groups: Countries       & $24$          & $24$             & $24$             & $24$          & $24$          & $24$          \\
\hline
\multicolumn{7}{l}{\tiny{$^{***}p<0.001$; $^{**}p<0.01$; $^{*}p<0.05$; $^{\dagger}p<0.1$}}
\end{tabular}
\end{footnotesize}
\label{tab:main_rescaled_parfam}
\end{center}
\end{table}
